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= **Bali Culture Notes ** =

DIRECTIONS:


 * 1) Using library books or the internet, research your chosen term and write in your own words an encyclopedic definition to share with your LC 4 classmates. Do your best to answer //who, what, where, when and why// questions.


 * 1) Definitions must include information from both book and internet sources. Be sure to cite evidence for all your sources. Students must be able to show evidence of culture note contributions (save work in your network folder, on a flash disk, or print out a hard copy). When ready, record culture note information below:

**ENCYCLOPEDIC DEFINITION EXAMPLE** =**GEOGRAPHY **=

__ Sources __ : "Lesser Sunda Islands." //Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia//. 24 Mar 2009, 22:28 UTC. 15 Apr 2009 . Robert, Pringle,. __Short history of Bali Indonesia's Hindu realm__. Crows Nest, N.S.W: Allen & Unwin, 2004. __ Sources: __ "Indonesian volcanoes | Bali Blog." __Bali Travel Guide to Hotels, Tourism and Vacations in Indonesia__.. 2008. __ SG & Singapore Map - Singapura, Singapur, Singapore Information & Tourism __. . 2009. Smith, Holly. __Adventuring in Indonesia exploring the natural areas of the Pacific's ring of fire__. San Francisco, Calif: Sierra Club Books, 1997. __ Sources __ : “ Biogeography: Wallace and Wegener." __Understanding Evolution__. 23 Apr. 2009 . __ Starfish: dive into the coral reef (underwater photos, information about coral reef animals)- Tauche zum Korallenriff (Unterwasser Fotos, Information __ . 15 Apr. 2009 . Witton, Patrick, Etain O'Carroll, Mark Elliott, Nick Ray, Paul Greenway, Alan Tarbell, Virginia Jealous, and Matt Warren. __Lonely Planet Indonesia__. Melbourne: Lonely Planet Publications, 2003. __ Sources __ :  "Bali Sea." //Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia//. 10 Mar 2009, 22:08 UTC. 10 Mar 2009 . Daly, Kate, & James Lyon. __Bali__. 9th ed. Melbourne, Oakland, London & Paris: Lonely Planet 2003.
 * 1. Nusa Tenggara Archipelago ** = The Nusa Tenggara Archipelago is a group of islands in the middle-south part of Maritime South-East Asia. (Wikipedia, 2009). The Archipelago is divided up into two provinces, east, and west (Wikipedia, 2009). It is made up many islands like Adonara, [|Alor], [|Bali] , [|Flores] , [|Komodo] , [|Lombok] , [|Palu'e] , [|Pantar] , [|Rote] , Solor, Sangeang, Savu, Sunma, Sumbawa and Timor (Wikipedia, 2009). The Northern Archipelago which consists of Bali, Sumbawa, Flores and Wetar is a volcanic area (Wikipedia, 2009). Islands on the Sunda shelf between Indonesia and mainland Asia are often dry resulting in many migrations (Pringle, 2003).
 * 2. Ring of Fire = ** Named from the numerous amounts of volcanic eruptions. Shaped like a horse-shoe, it starts from New Zealand to Asia’s Pacific coast, 40,000km long (baliblog, 2008). Among 1,500 volcanoes, the Ring of Fire contains about 90% of the world’s volcanoes (baliblog, 2008). Indonesia is also the part of the horse-shoe. Indonesia has some of the most active volcanic eruptions in the world. The volcanoes are in Sumatra through Java, Nusa Tengara, and Bali. Volcanoes in Bali are Mt. Agung and Mt. Batur. Mt. Agung covers the eastern island with the enormous height of 3,142 meters (streetdirectory, 2009). In the past three centuries, 17 famous volcano eruptions are listed in the Guinness Book of World Records ( Smith, 1997).
 * 3. Wallace Line ** = A boundary between Lombok and Bali, it was established by Sir Alfred Russel Wallace, who is the so-called ‘father of animal geography’, on an expedition between 1854 and 1862 (Starfish, 2009). He discovered that some of the flora and fauna was different from each side, so he made the Wallace Line to separate the different flora and fauna. Flora is vegetation (plants), and flora is animals. On the western side was the Asian flora and fauna and on the eastern side Australian flora and fauna. The Wallace line divides Lombok and Sulawesi to the east, and Bali and Borneo to the west (Lonely Planet, 2003). Alfred Russell and the Wallace line helped many studies for the naturalist such as to study how species are scattered across the planet. ( berkeley.edu, 2009).
 * 4. Bali Sea ** = is a body of water located on the north side of Bali, Indonesia, and the south side of Kangean Island, Indonesia (Wikipedia, 2009). The Bali Sea has a history of tsunamis, with the latest two recorded in 1857 and 1917 with a maximum height of approximately 3 meters and 2 meters (Wikipedia, 2009). There are lots of cruises, fishing trips and diving trips that take place on the Bali Sea (Kate & Lyon, 2007). The Bali Sea ( [|Indonesian] : // Laut Bali //) is north of the island of Bali, but it’s also divided into 3 parts; North, East & West Bali Sea , and covers 45,000 square km (17,374.6 sq mi) wide and a maximum depth of 1,590 meters (5,217ft) (Wikipedia, 2009). Tourists often go there to enjoy the beaches and the breathtaking sunsets (Kate & Lyon, 2003).



SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
5. Rice Terraces ** = rice terraces, or padis, are all over Bali. The word paddy comes from the Malay word //padi// meaning “rice plant” (Wikipedia 2009). The water buffalo is the only working animal adapted for life in the wetlands so they are extensively used in the fields (Wikipedia 2009). The steep terrain on Bali resulted in complex cooperation systems, locally called //subak//, to manage water storage and drainage for rice terraces (Wikipedia 2009). Every stage of the rice cycle is accompanied by rituals, some simple others elaborate, to ensure a bountiful harvest (Von Holzen, 1996). A rice terrace is a piece of land that has been carved out of a hill and made flat so that rice can grow there (Morgan, 2007). Rice is grown all year round by families in Bali so it is a good income for farmers and is an important food for many Balinese; the men plant the seeds in rows and the women harvest the rice when ready (Morgan, 2007). In Bali, rice terraces are called ‘Sawahs ’ which means wet rice fields (Gelman, 2000). The rice terraces are nick-named the ‘ Steps of God ’ and the rice is only watered by the mountains and sky (Gelman, 2000). __ Sources __ : Gelman, Rita Golden. Rice is life. New York: Henry Holt & Company, 2000. Holzen, Heinz Von. __The food of Bali : authentic recipes from the island of the Gods.__ Singapore : Periplus Editions, 1996. Paddy field. (2009, April 19). In //Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia//. Retrieved 02:56, April 20, 2009, from [] Sally., Morgan. Focus on Indonesia. Milwaukee, WI: World Almanac Library, 2007. __ Sources __ : "Balinese Plants and Fruits." 20 Apr. 2009 . "Bamboo." __Wikipedia__. 16 Apr. 2009 <www.wikipedia.org>. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #262a2c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Byfield, Graham. __Bali sketchbook watercolours__. Singapore: Archipelago P, 1998. Covarrubias, Miguel. __Island of Bali (Pacific Basin Books)__. London: Kegan Paul, 1986. Wijaya, Made. __Made Wijaya's tropical garden design.__ Singapore: Archipelago P, Wijaya Words, 2002. __ Sources __ : Andelys, Les. __The Insider's Guide to Bali__. Les Andelys: CFW, 1994.
 * 6. Bamboo ** =//Phyllostachys bambusoides (Wikipedia, 2009).// Bamboo is a particularly useful plant, the stalks being used for making houses, furniture and musical instruments, the young shoots being eaten, and strips of bamboo being woven into mats and baskets. Bamboo is held with reverence in Bali, with knives made of “semi-divine” yellow bamboo used to cut a newborn’s umbilical cord (Warren, 1995). Bamboo is the fastest growing plant on earth, occasionally growing at a speed of one meter per hour for short amounts of time (Wikipedia, 2009) .  Bamboo can be made into: houses, beds, bridges, water pipes, musical instruments, walls, sun-hats and baskets (Covarrubias, 1986). It can also be made into various types of furniture (Bali). It can even be made into fences, gates, steps, and roof decorations such as shingles (Byfield, 1998). The bamboo is a member of the grass family. Sometimes the thousands of varieties of bamboo are called the “sequins and beads” of a landscaper’s tool box. Bamboo can be used to add a touch of class to any garden design (Wijaya, 2002). And even though they don’t grow that well in pots bamboo is multi purpose building material. For that reason, most villages own bamboo groves, where the plant grows along the rivers and streams (Pande-bali.com, 2009).
 * 7. Bali Textile ** = In Bali textile there is 3 types of cloth: Endek, Ikat and Batik (Andelys, 1994). Weaving enthusiasts will be eager to seek out the local handmade cloth, Endek, where a pattern has been dyed into the weft plastic (Andelys, 1994). The cloth is made on old European style handlooms in small factories, and is sold for local use in markets all over Bali (Andelys, 1994). Ikat is a cloth for which both warp and weft have been prepattern-dyed, is produced and sold in the Bali Aga village of Tenganan (Andelys, 1994). It’s a terribly complex and time consuming procedure, and you pay for this when you buy the finished product (Andelys, 1994). However, most visitors will be content with the better known Batik from Java (Andelys, 1994). Batik is not a Balinese product but both the brilliant new and the more delicately shaded old batik are on sale in all the main towns, and more or less everywhere that tourists frequent (Andelys, 1994).

__ Sources __ : "Balinese Calendar System." __Indo__. 14 Apr. 2009 <http://www.indo.com/culture/calendar.html>. Eiseman.JR, Fred B. __Sekala and Niskala__. Vol. 1. Periplus Editions, Singapore. 1990. Grade 7 Bali ESP Introductory Notes to Balinese Culture. Jakarta International School. Jakarta: JIS Teacher Contributors, 2000. 1-38. Wilson, Robert Anton. "The Balinese Calendar." Kelsung Productions. 12 Apr. 2009 [].
 * 8. Balinese Calendar ** = Bali has its own calendar, a very special calendar because not only is it different from our Gregorian calendar but Balinese actually use 2 calendars similar to each other called “Sasih” and “Pakuwon” (Indo.com, 2009). Sasih is believed to have been brought by Hindus to Indonesia 1,000 years ago (EINSMEN). The Sasih calendar is a lunar calendar and goes in a 12 month cycle (INDO.COM, 2009). The start of a new month is on every new moon (Tilem) while the middle is on a full moon (Purnama) (INDO.COM, 2009). The other is Pakuwon (JIS, 2009). The Pakuwon is believed to originate strait from the Balinese, based on 1,000 year old rice growing cycle (INDO.COM, 2009). Pakuwon consists of 6 months instead of 12 and 35 days instead of 30 (INDO.COM, 2009). A Pakuwon year is 210 days long (JIS, 2000). Balinese have come up with a way so that the festivals come in a cycle of 210 days (Wilson 2009). Dividing 210 by 9 leaves a remainder of 3, and the 3 days are added to the Pakuwon at the beginning of the year, so all the weeks of the Pakuwon calendar are 9 days (Eiseman, 2007). Examples of important weeks are 3, 5 and 7 day weeks (EINSMEN, 2007). Also there are bad days and good days. Every occasion like a wedding including working must be done on a good day. A good day is called “//Dewasa Wulung//” and a bad day is called “//Dewasa Jelek//” (EINSMEN). The Balinese have a special calendar named the Pakuwon Calendar. It’s used to keep track of festivals and other Balinese events. The Balinese have come up with a way so that the festivals come in a cycle of 210 days (Wilson, 2009). Dividing 210 by 9 leaves a remainder of 3, and the 3 days are added to the Pakuwon at the beginning of the year, so all the weeks of the Pakuwon calendar are 9 days (Eiseman, 2007).

<span style="font-size: 130%; color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">BELIEFS, VALUES & CUSTOMS 9. Agama Hindu ** = Agama Hindu is a Hinduism practiced in the island of Bali (Wikipedia, 2009). Agama Hindu was brought to Bali at 1st A.D. when Indian traders began visiting the island of Bali, but Agama Hindu practices started be held place in Bali in 9th A.D. (Bali Blog, 2009). Agama Hindu and original Hindu are different because Balinese adapted to new religion (which is Hinduism) from India and combined it with their old Balinese belief, absorbed their local mythology (Javanese) and re-combined with local ‘Balinese’ mythology so they had their own belief called Agama Hindu (Bali Blog, 2009). Balinese claim that their religion is based on tradition mixed with all sorts of extracts from Hinduism and therefore cannot be compared to any religion found in India even though it was from India (Rubinstein, 1999). Agama Hindu is the main religion on the island of Bali. Actually, there are two different types of Hindu, Adat Hindu and Agama Hindu (Rubinstien, 1999). They have a “supreme being“ called ‘Ida Sanghyang Widi Wasa’, 'Sang Hyang Tunggal', or even 'Sang Hyang Cintya' (Wikipedia, 2009). Another important distinguishing feature, which traditionally helps keep up the ritual ‘purity’, is the division of society into the traditional occupational groups: the varna (aka color) of Hinduism: “[|Brahmins] (priests, //brahmana// in [|Indonesian]), [|Kshatriya] (ruler-warriors, //satriya// or "Deva"), [|Vaishya] (merchants-farmers, //waisya//), and [|Shudra] (commoners-servants, //sudra//)” (Wikipedia, 2009). __ Sources __ : "Hinduism in Indonesia -." __Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia__. 16 Apr. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia>. Rubinstien, Raechelle, ed. __Balu in the Twenieth Century__. University of Hawai'i P, 1999. "Understanding Balinese Hinduism | Bali Blog." __Bali Travel Guide to Hotels, Tourism and Vacations in Indonesia__. 16 Apr. 2009 <http://www.baliblog.com/travel-tips/understanding-balinese-hinduism.html>. __ Sources: __ __ Grade 7 Bali ESP Introductory Notes to Balinese Culture __. Jakarta International School. Jakarta: JIS Teacher Contributors, 2000. 1-38. O'Brein, Barbara. "Samsara in Buddhism." __About.com__. 9 Oct. 2008. 15 Apr. 2009 <http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/eastern/bldef_samsara.htm>. "Sa ṃ sāra." //Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia//. 29 Mar 2009, 23:18 UTC. 15 Apr 2009 < []  >. 11. Sakti = all Balinese believe that we have magical powers in our bodies that are called Sakti. In the Indonesian language (Bahasa Indonesia), sakti means almighty, in the spiritual and supernatural terms. In Bali, there are many supernatural myths flowing around the people, sakti also becomes a much-used term to describe some of the dukuns (e.g. wizards) that still lives among villagers (Pringle, 2004). Sakti is a magical energy that protects us and helps us fight the human or supernatural evil that may weaken our family’s luck, our health and our safety. Sakti is not equally distributed; some people are born with so much sakti energy stored up in them that they become endowed with supernatural powers (everything2.com, 2009). Humans are not the only ones that can release the sakti energy but also objects like Barong masks, caves, rivers and ancient remains can release Sakti too because it is considered magically dangerous (Pringle, 2004). A person will be magically strengthened when he or she is spiritually p urified. If a person is not clean or in a bad condition he would be in a state called the sebel. In order to become spiritual purified again, the person will have to go through a special cleansing ritual (everything2.com). __ Sources __ : Pringle, Robert. __A Short History of Bali Indonesia’s Hindu__. Australia: Allen & Unwin, 2004. Sakti@Everything2.com." __ Welcome to __ Everything@Everything2.com. 25 Apr. 2009 <http://everything2.com/?node_id=320591>. __ Sources __ :  "All The Bali Story and Information, Balinese black magic." 13 Apr. 2009 <http://www.geocities.com/bali_info_4u/become_leyak.htm>. __ Bali for You - Penegen: Magic of the Right __ . 13 Apr. 2009 <http://www.geocities.com/bali_info_4u/penengen.htm>. __ Grade 7 Bali ESP Introductory Notes to Balinese Culture __ . Jakarta International School. Jakarta: JIS Teacher Contributors, 2000. 1-38.   Hobart, Angela. "Dancing shadows of Bali." __Google Books__. 21 Apr. 2009 <http://books.google.com>  “Penengan” Geocities. 21 Apr. 2009 http://www.geocities.com/bali_info_4u/penengan.htm
 * 10. Samsara ** = the cycle of reincarnation or rebirth after death in Hinduism. Under this concept, people continue to be born and reborn and into various realms of human, animal, god and plants depending on their karma (Wikipedia, 2009). Karma is the cycle of cause and effect and originated in Ancient India (JIS, 2000). Samsara was first developed by non-Aryan people whose spiritual ideas greatly influenced later Hindu cultures (Wikipedia 2009). Samsara also means “journeying” in Buddhism and “The wheel of life” in Hinduism (O’Brein, 2008). The object which the atman (soul) will be reborn into is determined by the actions took during the time alive (JIS, 2000). In Bali, the belief is that when people are cremated, their souls will be freed and brought back to life nowhere else but to the island of Bali and will be reunited by the family. (JIS, 2000).
 * 12. Pengiwa and Penengan ** = two forms of magic created by the Balinese. Penengan is the neutralizing magic (JIS, 2000). Penigiwa was weaker than Penengan but it was the evil magic (Geocities.com, 2009). Typical charms for Pengiwa and Penengan were yellow coconuts, dadap leaves, onions, camphor, salt, flower, gold and rain (Geocities.com, 2009). The magic formulas were generally in the form of prayers (Geocities.com, 2009). Pengiwa and Penengan were the 2 supernatural powers ( Hobart, 2009__)__ . These powers were handed out through generations ( Hobart, 2009__)__ . Pengiwa was mainly used with the aim of hurting someone ( Hobart, 2009__)__ . Depending on your level of power you can do different things. The maximum level of power could enable you to turn into a witch and minimal power could turn you into a monkey or other animal ( Hobart, 2009__)__ . Penengen is a magic that is more peaceful rather than the dreaded spells of Pengiwa which is more on the evil magic (JIS, 2000). There is neutralizing magic that is used by priests and witch doctors to protect their client from __leyaks__ or also known as witches (Geocities.com, 2009). This magic is as powerful for the witches and similar to magic on the “left” formulas, charms, and amulets ( Geocities.com, 2009 ) Examples of these items may be yellow coconut, dadap leaves, and onions and salt, etc. (JIS, 2000) The process of becoming a leyak is long and difficult; people can only achieve it gradually (Geocities.com, 2009). Students memorize magic words from the manuscript; repeated in rhythmic sequence during meditation to hypnotize the student in an intense trance (Geocities.com, 2009). A leyak may transform his spirit into many diverse forms, which they can only perform during the night (JIS, 2000).

__ Sources __ : __ Grade 7 Bali ESP Introductory Notes to Balinese Culture __. Jakarta International School. Jakarta: JIS Teacher Contributors, 2000. 1-38. "Leyak -." __Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia__. 16 Apr. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyak>. Picard, Michel. __Bali Cultural Tourism and Touristic Culture.__ Singapore: Archipelago Pres, 1996.
 * 13. LEYAK ** = A mythological being that is a flying head with its organs (such as heart lungs liver) still attached to it (Wikipedia, 2009). Some people believe that the leyaks search for pregnant women so they can suck the blood out of their baby (Wikipedia, 2009). Leyaks also haunt graveyards in the form of a flame going from one grave to the next (Bali ESP Notes, 2000). A leyak can transform itself into different bodies (Bali ESP Notes, 2000). In daylight the leyak appears to be a normal person, but at night time the head breaks off from the body and flies off (Wikipedia, 2009). The Balinese people believe that leyaks are people who have cannibalistic features, and they practice black magic (Wikipedia, 2009). Balinese people assume some of the illnesses and deaths are caused by leyaks, so what they do is conduct a ceremony to talk to the dead so they can find out who killed or caused the illness (Wikipedia, 2009). The non-mythological version are just people who practice black magic and have cannibalistic behavior (Wikipedia, 2009). Cannibalistic means that they eat other people. Their mistress is “The queen of Leyak” the widow-witch Rangda (Wikipedia, 2009) .  Leyak statues (a head with a very long tongue and sharp fangs) are sometimes hung on a wall for house decoration (Picard, 1996).

__ Sources __ : "Balians in Bali | Indonesia Logue." __Indonesia Travel Guide__. 16 Apr. 2009 <http://www.indonesialogue.com/planning-a-trip/balians-in-bali.html>. __ Grade 7 Bali ESP Introductory Notes to Balinese Culture __. Jakarta International School. Jakarta: JIS Teacher Contributors, 2000. 1-38. "Null." __Bali Hotels, Bali Villas and Bali News from balidiscovery.com__. 16 Apr. 2009 <http://www.balidiscovery.com/messages/message.asp?Id=4121>. __ Sources __ : Daly, Kate, and James Lyon. __Lonely Planet Bali, Ninth Edition__. Minneapolis: Lonely Planet Publications, 2003. "Galungan Festival, Galungan Festival in Indonesia." __Hotel Reservation Online: Check Availability Worldwide Hotels, Hotel Reviews by Travelers__. 20 Apr. 2009 <http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/indonesia/indonesia-festivals-&-events/galungan-festival.html>. __ Sources __ : "NYEPI: Bali's day of silence." Bali, Indonesia: Bali Hotels, Tours, Discount and More. 15 Apr. 2009 <http://www.indo.com/culture/nyepi.html>. "Nyepi -." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 15 Apr. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyepi>. Witton, Patrick, et al.. __Lonely Planet Indonesia__. Minneapolis: Lonely Planet Publications, 2003. __ Sources __ : "Canang Sari - Daily Balinese hindus offerings." __Bali Travel Guides - Around Bali for Accommodation, villas, hotels, attraction, cultural, event__. 13 Apr. 2009 <http://www.baliaround.com/canang-sari-daily-balinese-hindus-offerings/>. Debbie Guthrie; Juliette Morillot, and Irene Toh, eds. __ Bali a traveller's companion. __ [Singapore]: Archipelago P, 2000. __ Sources __ : "Hindu Beliefs." __www.indo.com__. 14 Apr. 2009 “Galun gan.” [|www.wikipedia.org]. 14 Apr. 2009 __ Sources __ : Eiseman, Fred B. __Bali: Sekala & Niskala__. Periplus Editions, Singapore. 1990.  "Eka Dasa Rudra | Bali Blog." __WhyGo Bali__. 20 Apr. 2009 <www.baliblog.com>.
 * 14. Balians ** = traditional healers or witch doctors,// play a central role in the daily life of the Balinese. In fact, the name //// balian //// is freely applied to a large variety of men and women who possess sacred skills or knowledge in the demonstration of rituals of passage (Indonesialogue.com, 2009). // Elite Balians maybe called upon to interpret ancient Lontar Palm (Tree) manuscripts and messages from the gods or ancestors Balians work out different “signs” of spiritual import hidden in the natural world ( //<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Indonesialogue.com, 2009 // ). Balians have different duties like to prepare the dead for cremation, massage the sick and Balians set broken bones to determine which family ancestor now inhabits the soul of the new born child ( //<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Indonesialogue.com, 2009 // ). The natural liking to humility causes many Balinese who perform //balian// roles in their community to deny they fill a mystical or sacred function disguised by that title; like many talented artisans in Bali do not see themselves as artists// (balidiscovery 2009) //.  People who are sought out to heal illnesses or dispel evil spirits Javanese believe with aid of a Balian, they can protect themselves against evil spirits by making offerings ( //<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Indonesialogue.com, 2009 // ). It is common for Balians to possess some sort of magic substance that heals a patient when they are touched with it or if they eat it (JIS, 2009).
 * 15. Galungan ** = Kunigan is a festival that lasts 10 days; it is one of the major festivals in Bali. (Kate and Lyon, 2003). It’s happens every 210 days (Asia rooms, 2009). It is important because it’s when the Gods come back down to their original homes and celebrate (Kate and Lyon, 2003). Lots of activities takes place at family and community temples on the island during the festival (Galungan Festival in Indonesia). The festival signifies Powedalan Jagal, or the Earth’s festival Ceremony (Kate and Lyon, 2003). On the eve of the festival, the Hindus thank God for his creation and it’s content. They Invite God to come down to Earth and celebrate with them. (Asia rooms, 2009).
 * 16. Nyepi ** = a Hindu Balinese holiday also called “Day of Silence”. Nyepi was found by King “Kanishka I” of India, in 78 AD, the king was famous for his wisdom and tolerance for Hinduism and Buddhism (indo.com, 2009). It’s a day of silence, fasting, and meditation (Wikipedia, 2009). It is usually held on the end of March and early April (Lonely Planet, Indonesia). It starts from 6AM and ends at 6AM in the next morning. People are not allowed to light fires, work, entertain themselves, travel, talk, and eat at all (Wikipedia, 2009). The day before Nyepi, ceremonies known as “pratima” is held all over Bali, and when it’s night/dark, evil spirits are chased away with anything that makes a loud noise (Witton, 2009). Most Hindu followers in Bali celebrates Nyepi in Bali, they can’t celebrate a complete Nyepi in Indonesia, because outside there are cars and other prohibited activities. Nyepi is celebrated to keep balance to nature (indo.com, 2009).
 * 17. CANANG SARI ** = Daily offerings seen all over Bali, in shrines, temples, houses and on the ground (baliaround.com, 2009). Are used as offerings to the forces of the invisible world for the gift of society [Haer, Guthrie, Morillot and Toh, 2000]. Balinese believe that forces of the invisible worlds dictate that offerings be created with a spirit of thankfulness and loving attention to detail (baliaround.com, 2009). Is derived from “sari” (essence) and “carang”, a small square coconut leaf basket decorated with flowers and leaves (baliaround.com, 2009). Canang Sari contains flowers, leaves, liquid fragrance, and a symbolic betel quid [Guthrie, Morillot and Toh, 2000] and completed by placing an amount of money (kepeng) on top (baliaround.com, 2009). Offerings are said to embody the essence of human prosperity [Guthrie, Morillot and Toh, 2000].
 * 18. Penjors ** = Tall curved bamboo poles with yellow-colored coconut leaves at the bottom. Penjors have deep meaning to Agama Hindus, members of a religion specific to Bali (Wikipedia, 2009). Their point is to show devotion to God in his form as Hyang Giri Pati, the god of the mountain (Indo.com, 2009). Penjors are normally made by women, but during the annual religious festival of Galungan, the men make them (Indo.com, 2009). Penjors are religiously connected to Mount Agung (Indo.com, 2009).
 * 19. Eka Dasa Rudr ** a = is a ceremony held at least once every hundred years. Balinese believe that there must be a balance between good and evil, and when at a time favors one side, they hold another ceremony. Eka Dasa Rudra first occurred in 1963, upon the request of President Sukarno, after Mt Agung erupted killing almost two thousand people (Eiseman, 1990). When Eka Dasa Rudra occurs almost the whole of Bali takes part in this ceremony. This ceremony has many sacrifices’ and offerings to the good and evil spirits, the Balinese people believe that the god or spirits are at the ceremony watching as the rituals take place (Baliblog.com, 2006). The most famous offering that happens at this ceremony, is the sacrificing of the buffalo, whose horns get covered in gold casting. When the offering is made, a large stone is tied around the Buffalo’s neck, and he is forced into the water (Baliblog.com, 2006). The whole purpose of Eka Dasa Rudra, is to create the balance between good and evil spirits, so that the Balinese people, and visitors can live in harmony. When all the rituals have been completed, the people of Bali travel to the temple of Besakih where the offering are carried up to the temple (Baliblog.com, 2006).

<span style="font-size: 200%; color: rgb(255,0,255);">**<span style="font-size: 120%; color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">COMMUNICATION ** 20. Gamelan ** = A traditional musical group from Indonesia consisting of mainly metallophones (instruments similar to xylophones) and gongs. Most of the well known Gamelan music is either from Bali, Java or Sunda (Music.ucsc.edu, 2009). In a Balinese gamelan, there can be as few as 2 metallophones, or as many as 60 different instruments made of bamboo (Dibia and Ballinger, 2004). Another instrument that makes the Balinese gamelan unique is the cymbals. These cymbals are used to create a loud, rattling sound. Also, Balinese gamelan music is unique because it is usually faster in tempo. Men and women both play in a gamelan, but you would usually see men in a gamelan group. Balinese gamelan is usually used during religious ceremonies and to accompany traditional Balinese dance performances (Dibia and Ballinger, 2004). Compared to Javanese gamelan, Balinese gamelan is often much louder and more colorful and dramatic, but also includes quieter, thoughtful pieces (Music.ucsc.edu, 2009). There are many different forms of Balinese gamelan music, and one of the examples is gamelan gong, the most commonly found "performance gamelan", played by a large seated orchestra (Music.ucsc.edu, 2009). Also, the gamelans existed even before the Hindu-Buddhist culture that dominated Indonesia in its earliest records (Wikipedia, 2009). __ Sources: __ Dibia, I. Wayan, Rucina Ballinger, and Barbara Anello. __Balinese Dance, Drama And Music A Guide to the Performing Arts of Bali__. Minneapolis: Periplus Editions, 2005. “Gamelan.” __Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.__ 14 Apr 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan. "Gamelan Music." __MUSIC | UC Santa Cruz__. 20 Apr. 2009 <http://music.ucsc.edu/swarasanti/gamelan.html>. __<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #262a2c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho';">Sources __<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #262a2c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho';">: <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho';">"Balinese Dance." 99Bali. 1995. __<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho';">http://www.99bali.com/dance/ __<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho';"> Covarrubias, Miguel, __Island of Bali.__ Singapore: Periplus, n.d. 1986. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho';">De Zoete, Beryl De Zoete. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho';">Dance and drama in Bali. Singapore, I986. Pariwisata,Dinas."TOPENGDANCEBALI."BaliVision.com1998. __http://www.balivision.com/Article_Resources/topeng.asp__ Rucina Ballinger, Iwayan Dibia __Balinese dance, drama and Music - a guide to performing__ __ arts of Bali __. 2004 Susanne Carvin, Andy Carvin. "Kecak Dance." 2003 __ Http://www.edwebproject.org/bali/gallery/kecak.html// __.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho';">21. Balinese Dance **<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho';"> = Balinese dance has various types of dances including Barong dance, Topeng dance, Legong Dance & Kecak Dance. Barong dance is the most popular dance of all of them (99Bali.com, 1995). The word Barong depends on the animal presented. For example if the mask was tiger the Barong is then called Barong Macan. It is the Balinese way of acting out mythology resulting in myth and history being blended into one story. Topeng dance is not as popular as Barong dance, however it is the richest in its variety of masks and movements (Balivision.com, 1998). Topeng literally means “to close or press against the face” and the dancers always wear a mask. In a traditional performance, five men play all the roles simply by changing the masks (De Zoete, 1986). The Legong is a feminine dance, almost 200 years old, danced by 2 to 3 young girls who move in angles. LEG means ‘elegant movement’, GONG means‘music’(Couarrubias, 1986). The Legong dance is one of Bali’s most admirable dance forms. Girls always perform together in unison. The girls wear tight gold leafed clothing and wear flower tree headdresses (Ballinger & Dibia Bali dance 2004). The Kecak dance is a rhythmic chanting dance that is performed by men (Covarrubias, 1986). It is a voice orchestra. It is performed exclusively for tourists and in the western world it is known as ‘Monkey Dance’ because, said by many tourists “their movements and voices remind us of monkeys” (Carvin & Carvin, 2003) They wear checkered black and white cloths around their waists with red hibiscus flowers behind their right ears. Nowadays there are many new versions of the Kecak dance (Ballinger & Dibia Bali, 2004).

__ Sources __ : "Balinese Wayang." __Bali, Indonesia: Bali Hotels, Tours, Discount and More__. 21 Apr. 2009 <http://www.indo.com/culture/wayang.html>. Gatotkaca, the knight of the sky. [s.l.] : [s.n.], [n.d.]. Stewart, Iain, and Ryan Ver Berkmoes. __Bali & Lombok (Lonely Planet Travel Guide)__. Minneapolis: Lonely Planet Publications, 2007. "Wayang." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia//. 16 Apr 2009, 02:26 UTC. 16 Apr 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayang&oldid=284127740>.// <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> **23. Painting** = Balinese Painting has become very important to the Balinese culture. There are 3 different styles of painting: Sanur, Ubud and Batuan. The Sanur style shows <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: GulimChe;">sea creatures, scenery and animals drawn in patterns. It has playful atmosphere and is not dictated by religion (Wikipedia, 2009). The Ubud painting style uses the religious theme of the Balinese beliefs in their paintings such as mask dancers, Balinese masks and the Balinese creatures (Dalton, 2009). The Batuan style is practiced by Brahman artists in the village of Batuan. Most Batuan paintings often have legendary scenes or themes from their daily life (Wikipedia, 2009). In most Batuan styled paintings they have creatures like monsters and witches. Painting is the most important thing you can find in a traditional Balinese house. The earliest Indonesian people were hunters and gatherers. Their paintings were found around different cave sites in the eastern islands. Bali was one of them (Sumadio, 1992). Before the 1920 and 1930’s Balinese paintings were limited to religious beliefs and other cultural traditions (ubudpainting.com, 2009). Each painting has a story behind it, maybe a story from years and years ago that were past from generation to generation or maybe a story made up by the painter. The reason why this painting is so different is because each line has been darkly outlined and most of the paintings are of the Balinese people doing their work in the fields or selling fruits on the street (Morgan, 2007). The materials used to paint were made from vegetation and mineral sources. They would also ground animal bones and clay and other materials like ground stones for each color (ubudpainting.com, 2009). __ Sources __ : <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #262a2c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: GulimChe;">"Balinese Art." Wikipedia. 4 Apr. 2009. 16 Apr. 2009 <www.wikipedia.org>. Dalton, Bill. Bali Handbook. Chico, California: Moon Publications, Inc., 2009. "History of Bali Painting." __Bali Painting Collections, Ubud Painting, arts culture, Abstract Painting, Traditional Painting | Ubud Bali Arts Gallery__. 23 Apr. 2009 <http://www.ubudpainting.com/history_balipainting.html>.
 * 22. Wayang Kulit: ** Wayang kulit is like TV entertainment, but without the TV, it is a use of puppets, a thin cloth sheet and a puppeteer. Wayang kulit translated means shadow play, because they are actually played in shadows. The puppets are thin, they are made of leather, traditionally made of cow skin or goat skin, the skin is dried and then cut into shape using a knife, the details are cut in a smaller knife, it is then painted (wiki. 2009). Shadow puppet shows are usually very long and sometimes 3 shows in one night ( Stewart, Iain, and Ryan Ver Berkmoes 2007) . Wayang kulit has been around for a very long time.  Wayang Kulit stands for ‘shadow puppets’ they have been an entertainment to the Balinese. These shadow puppets are played by dalangs (puppeteers). The dalangs performs behind a white linen cloth. The Wayang Kulit performs mostly expressions or religious mythology(indo.com,2009). Most famous epics are the Ramayana which is written by walmiki and another one is called the Mahabarata by Wyasa (Gatotkaca, n.d.). They are both written in Sanscript Mahabarata is about conflicts between the Pandawa and Kurana which eventually led into The Great War between the two (Gatotkaca,n.d.). Ramayana and Mahabarata are not that different (Gatotkaca, n.d.). They are both written by Indians, but they have an Indonesian version too.

Morgan, Sally. __Focus on Indonesia.__ North American ed., U.S. ed. Stamford, CT : World Almanac Library, 2008. Sumadio, Bamgang. __Pusaka art of Indonesia.__ Singapore : Archipelago Press, 1992. <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"> __ Sources: __ "Balinese Culture." __Bali villa, villa rental, bali accomodation, bali villa for rent. islandconcepts.com - property sales and leasing agent, property developer and property manager.__ 16 Apr. 2009 <http://www.islandconcepts.com/locinfo/balinese-culture.html>. Creagh, Sunanda. "Mass Trance Afflicts Indonesian Women, Factory Workers." __Www.islamonline.com__. Mon Feb. 2008. 23 Apr. 2009 <www.islamonline.com>. "Dance, Music, and Theaters of Bali." __Bali, Indonesia: Bali Hotels, Tours, Discount and More__. 16 Apr. 2009 <http://www.indo.com/culture/dance_music.html>. Eisenman, Fred. __Bali, sekala and niskala__. Berkeley, Calif: Periplus Editions, 1989. Gordon, Jensen D. __The Balinese people__. Vol. 1. New York/Oxford, 1992. Séance." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia//. 22 Apr 2009, 03:11 UTC. 23 Apr 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&oldid=285376107>.// <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';">"Trance." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)//. Random House, Inc. 22 Apr. 2009. <Dictionary.com [] >.//
 * 24. Balinese Trance ** = Balinese trance is an addition to dance ceremonies such as the Kecak Dance and is used by traditional healers as a cure (Eisenman, 1989). The trance dance is intended to appease the gods and goddesses, with the hope they will bless the village (INDO.com, 2009). The trance dance is common around Bali and is performed in many villages across Bali (islandconcepts.com, 2009). Most trancers are young people under the age of 30, and a trance usually goes on for about fifteen to twenty minutes before the priests remove them from their trance by sprinkling holy water on them. (islandconcepts.com, 2009).    Being in a trance is when you’re in a half-conscious state, between sleeping and awake, and you temporarily may be suspended from moving (Dictionary.com, 2009). In Bali you usually have to perform rituals before going into the trance. You would either be possessed with a spiritual demon or enter the spiritual heavens (Wikipedia, 2009). Sometimes if you’re not a good person you will be condemned to stay in a spiritual trance (Creagh, 2009). When you have a demon in you, you will try to pierce your skin to get the demon out, but no matter how much or how hard you try you will not pierce your skin because Dharma’s (one of the Hindu gods) power won’t let you (Gordon, 1992). When people go to the other side it is typically for seeing family members or loved ones that have passed away (Gordopn, 1992).

<span style="font-size: 200%; color: rgb(153,51,102);">**<span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">Social Organizations **

__ Sources __ : Hofer, Hans. __Insight guides BALI__. Singapore: APA publications, 1995. "Subak - Bali Irrigation System | Bali Travel Portal." __Bali Travel Portal | Information on ecotourism, self tours, and responsible travel in Bali.__ 15 Apr. 2009 <http://www.balitravelportal.com/bali/indonesia/travel/culture/subak-bali-irrigation-system>. "Subak (irrigation) -." __Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia__. 13 Apr. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subak_(irrigation)>. Vickers, Adrian. __Bali a paradise created__. [Hong Kong]: Periplus, 1989. __ Sources __ : "Banjar Bali: Village level government | Bali Blog." __Bali Travel Guide to Hotels, Tourism and Vacations in Indonesia__. 20 Apr. 2009 <http://www.baliblog.com/travel-tips/banjar-bali-village-level-government.html>. Publishing, DK. __Bali and Lombok (Eyewitness Travel Guides)__. New York: DK Travel, 2007.
 * 25. Subak ** = a name given for a system of water management for rice paddy fields (Wikipedia, 2009). The paddy fields are like stairs, or rice terraces, called sawah in Balinese (Hofer, 1995). There is an organization in which water flows from one sawah to the other, each get an even amount of water. Paddy fields are built around a subak temple (Wikipedia, 2009). Meetings in subak temple are once a month (Hofer, 1995). There are three main temples in every village, but the subak temple is an “extra temple” for irrigation that may not be in every village (Hofer, 1995). The reason that there isn’t a subak temple in every village is just simply because all villages may not have land to grow rice. Having a subak temple assures the agriculturists water for crops and guarding the irrigation channels from strangers who may steal the water for themselves (Hofer, 1995). The subak //irrigation system provides very rich rice paddies, which leads to high-quality rice, consumed as part of the everyday Balinese diet (Vickers, 1989). About 1300// subak //exist in modern-day Bali (balitravelportal.com, 2009). Built to effectively water the rice seedlings, and used for hundreds of years in Bali (balitravelportal.com, 2009), the Balinese// subak //irrigation system is a complex and well-structured artificial ecosystem (Wikipedia, 2008).//
 * 26. Banjar ** = Banjar is a Bali village set on the coastal plain with the North Bali uplands and a backdrop to the ocean floor (Eyewitness, 2007). Banjar stands for neighborhood (baliblog.com, 2008). The Banjar people adapt to traditional law and determine dates for religious events, collect money for ceremonies, distribute temple maintenance, oversee land sales and on occasion offered summary punishment to troublemakers (Baliblog, 2009). The basic social unit of the Banjar is the married couple (Baliblog, 2009). Only Balinese married couples are full Banjar members and subjected to the Banjar rights and responsibility (Baliblog, 2009). Foreigners or other Indonesians cannot join the Banjar as it is tied up with Balinese culture and the Agama Hindu religion. Decisions in the Banjar council are only made if everyone is in agreement; all of the meetings are conducted in the Balinese language not Bahasa (Baliblog.com, 2008)! The council is very important and they take it very seriously, so you have to do what is required or they will kick you out (Baliblog.com, 2008). After every Balinese man gets married they have to belong to the Banjar council, the council still keeps all of the traditional ceremonies alive and all have to be purified at the village temple (Baliblog.com, 2008).

__ Sources __ : "Bali Aga." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia//. 7 Apr 2009, 01:31 UTC. 7 May 2009 <__http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bali_Aga&oldid=282245537__>.// Robert, Pringle,. __Short history of Bali Indonesia's Hindu realm__. Crows Nest, N.S.W: Allen & Unwin, 2004. __ Sources __ : Balinese caste system -." __Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia__. 20 Apr. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_caste_system>. __ Grade 7 Bali ESP Introductory Notes to Balinese Culture __ . Jakarta International School. Jakarta: JIS Teacher Contributors, 2000. 1-38. "Hinduism and Caste System." __Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism and Other Resources__. 20 Apr. 2009 <http://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/h_caste.asp>.
 * 27. Bali Aga ** = original inhabitants of Bali located on the east side of the island, in the Karangasem regency (Wikipedia, 2009). They live in isolated locations in the mountains and are often called the Mountain Balinse (Pringle, 2004). The Bali Aga speak their own language dating back thousands of years and do not follow the aguma hindu religion, but instead follow animism and ancestor worship (Wikipedia, 2009). Their total population is about 3000 people (Wikipedia, 2009).. They are famous for their ikat textiles and for being the people filmed by anthropologist Margaret Mead in the 1930’s (Pringle, 2004).
 * 28. Balinese Caste System ** : The Balinese caste system is a social organization where the people are classified in to different groups according to their job and work they do (Wikipedia, 2009). There are only 4 caste systems in Bali. The caste systems are Sudras-the peasants, Wesias- the merchants, Satrias-the warriors/kings and Brahmans-the holy men and priests (JIS, 2000) . The reason they organized people in to these system are because long ago in Bali, when a family member was a farmer, and was in the Sundras caste, their son would HAVE to be a farmer. (hinduwebsite.com, 2008). The Sudras caste makes up more than 90% of Bali’s population (Wikipedia, 2009). Different dialects of the Balinese language are used for each caste (Wikpedia, 2009).

<span style="font-size: 200%; color: rgb(0,204,255);">**<span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">FAMOUS PEOPLE & PLACES ** 29. Dalem Bedulu ** = a Balinese king who practiced black magic and had a head of a pig (JIS, 2000). He was known as the atheistic king and he tried to stop the people from practicing Hinduism (JIS, 2000). <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Gulim; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim;"> He was the last king of Old Bali before the Hindu-Javanese migration, and he had supernatural powers (Wikipedia, 2009). The legend, found on Wikipedia//:// <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-bidi-font-family: Gulim; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim;"> He could cut off his head without feeling pain and put it back on again. One day, though, his head accidentally fell into a river and was swept away. One of his servants, panicked, decided to quickly decapitate a pig and replace the king's head with the animal's head. Embarassed, the king hid in a tall tower, denying anyone to see him. However, there was a small child who discovered the secret and since then, the king was known as Dalem Bedulu, or He-who-changed-head. // __ Sources __ : __ Grade 7 Bali ESP Introductory Notes to Balinese Culture __. Jakarta International School. Jakarta: JIS Teacher Contributors, 2000. 1-38.  "Bali Aga." //Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia//. 7 Apr 2009, 01:31 UTC. 7 May 2009 < [] >.

__ Sources __ : "Airlangga." __Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia__. 16 Apr. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlangga>. "Dharmawangsa." __Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia__. 16 Apr. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmawangsa>. __ Grade 7 Bali ESP Introductory Notes to Balinese Culture __. Jakarta International School. Jakarta: JIS Teacher Contributors, 2000. 1-38. "Lembaga Pemerintahan Tingkat Pusat Pada Masa Gunapriyadharmapatni-Dharmodayana Warmadewa." 16 Apr. 2009 <http://jurnal-humaniora.ugm.ac.id/karyadetail.php?id=55>. Pringle, Robert. __A Short History of Bali__. Australia: Allen and Unwin, 2004. Vickers, Adrian. __Bali a paradise created__. [Hong Kong]: Periplus, 1989. ** 31. Rangda ** = Rangda is the queen of the leyaks, and legend says she is derived from the 11th century Princess Gunapriyadharmapatni (Picard, 1996). Leyaks are the fiendish minions of Rangda (Picard, 2009). <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> Rangda is important in Balinese culture, and performances depicting her struggles with Barong and with Airlangga in that tale are popular tourist attractions as well as tradition (Wikipedia, 2009). She is pictured as a mostly nude old woman, with long and unkempt hair, and claws (Wikipedia, 2009). Her face is traditionally a horrifying fanged and goggle-eyed mask, with a long, protruding tongue (Wikipedia, 2009). Bali is a Hindu island, and it is suggested that Rangda may also be closely associated with Durga, the Hindu goddess with 10 arms who rides a tiger (Wikipedia, 2009). __ Sources __ : Picard, Michel. __Bali cultural tourism anad touristic culture.__ Singapore: Archipelago Pres, 1996. Rangda -." __Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia__. 13 Feb. 2009. 20 Apr. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangda>. __ Sources __ : Bickersteth, Jane, and Liz Capaldi. __Indonesia Handbook (Footprint Indonesia Handbook)__. Boston: NTC/Contemporary Company, 1996. Covarrubias, Miguel. __Island of Bali__. Minneapolis: Periplus Editions, 1999. "Majapahit -." __Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia__. 15 Apr. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit __ Sources __ : "Denpasar -." __Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia__. 16 Apr. 2009 <http://en.wik+ipedia.org/wiki/Denpasar>.  Stewart, Iain, and Ryan Ver Berkmoes. __Bali & Lombok (Lonely Planet Travel Guide)__. Minneapolis: Lonely Planet Publications, 2007. __ Sources __ : Bali, Indonesia: Bali Hotels, Tours, and More. [|www.indo.com/active/ubud.html]. 19-April-2009.  O'Carrol, Etain. __Lonely Planet Guide Indonesia__. Ed. Patrick Witton. 7th ed. Singapore: Lonely Planet Publications, 2003. Ubud." //Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia//. 9 Apr 2009, 09:33 UTC. 22 Apr 2009 < []  >.
 * 30. Princess Gunapriyadharmapatni = ** Princess Gunapriyadharmapatni, full name Sri Gunapriyadharmapatni, also called Mahendradatta was the wife of Balinese king Udayana, the last raja of the Balinese Warmadewa dynasty ( jurnal-humaniora, 2009) . She was a Javanese princess, the sister of the Javan king Dharmawangsa ( Wikipedia, 2009) . She was also the mother of Airlangga, spelled Erlangga, one of the most popular figures in Balinese history and Raja of the Kahuripan dynasty ( Wikipedia, 2009) . She reigned from AD 988 to 1011 with her husband ( jurnal-humaniora-2009), after which she was exiled for allegedly practicing witchcraft on her son. The evil witch Rangda from Balinese folklore, whose name means widow, is supposedly based on her ( Vickers, 1989) . A princess of Kediri in East Java (JIS, 2000). Her second name was Mahendradatta (Pringle, 2004). Her husband, Udayana was a powerful king (JIS, 2000). Both of them became memorable monarchs (Pringle, 2004). Her son, Anak Wangsu, became king in 1050 A.D (JIS, 2000). When she came to Bali she brought with her gamelan, orchestra, priests and a troupe of dancers (JIS, 2000).
 * 32. Majapahit = ** An empire that was the last but most powerful of the Javanese kingdoms (Bickersteth & Capaldi, 1996). It lasted from 1292-1478. The greatest leaders of the empire were the brilliant general and politician, Gajah Mada, as well as the grandson of the founder of Majapahit, Hayam Wuruk. The influence they had helped claim parts of Bali, Sumatra, Melaya, Borneo and even the Philippines (Bickersteth & Capaldi, 1996). Although the Balinese refused to accept the Majapahit influence, but they soon fell under the influence because of Gajah. The Majapahit Empire collapsed under the pressure of Islam (Covarrubias, 1999). The empire demanded taxes and fines should be paid in cash. Majapahit was the largest empire to ever form in Southeast Asia.    While the empire was in Bali, they built some temples to recognize their reign such as the Trowulan, Wringin Lawang, and Mojokerto (Wikipedia, 2009).
 * 33. Denpasar ** = the capital city located in the south of Bali. It is very popular because of its famous Kuta beach (Wikipedia, 2009 ) . It has a population of about 500,000 ( Stewart & Ver Berkmoes, 2007__)__ . It is known for all the shops around the city. Denpasar became a capital city after the WWII around 1958 after Indonesia got their independence ( Stewart & Ver Berkmoes, 2007 ). The definition of Denpasar means, “next to the market” (Wikipedia, 2009). Denpasar is right above Sanur near the beach.
 * 34. Ubud ** = is one of Bali’s most popular towns located in the center of Bali with an estimate of 8,000 people (Wikipedia, 2009). It’s been almost a century now and Ubud is still famous for its fine arts and crafts, music and dance (indo.com, 2009). When you walk around the streets you are able to see artists working on sculpture and paintings (O’Carrol, 2003). Ubud is also very famous for its wonderful sights, such as its rice fields and ancient temples (indo.com, 2009). The name Ubud first came from a Balinese word Ubad, which means “Medicine” (Wikipedia, 2009). For a long time Ubud was an important source in Bali for herbs and plants for medicine (Wikipedia, 2009). The temperature is cooler than the coastal towns because it’s about 200-300 meters above sea level (indo.com, 2009).

__ Sources: __ Picard, Michel. __Bali : cultural tourism anad touristic culture.__ Singapore : Archipelago Pres, 1996. __ Singaraja __. 20 Apr. 2009 <http://www.directorybali.com/region/singaraja/>. "Singaraja -." __Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia__. 13 Apr. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaraja>. "Singaraja City | Thinq Bali Travel Blog." __Bali hotels, Bali villas, Bali holiday accommodation, Bali resorts and guest lodges__. 20 Apr. 2009 <http://thinqbali.com/blogi/singaraja-city/>. Davison, Julian, and Bruce Granquist. __Balinese Temples (Discover Indonesia Series)__. Minneapolis: Periplus Editions, 2000. __ Grade 7 Bali ESP Introductory Notes to Balinese Culture __. Jakarta International School. Jakarta: JIS Teacher Contributors, 2000. 1-38.
 * 35. Singaraja ** = the regency seat of Buleng in north Bali, the town’s name is Indonesian for lion king (Wikipedia, 2009). Gedong Kirtya, just south of the town centre, is the only library of lontar manuscripts (ancient and sacred texts that are on leaves of the lontal palm) in the world (Wikipedia, 2009). The name means lion king, a name of commemorating a palace built in 1604 by Raja Pankti Sakti (thinqbali.com, 2009). The Dutch fought the powerful raja at a fierce battle in Buleng region in 1849 (Wikipedia, 2009). It has an area of 27.98km squared and a population of 80,500 (Wikipedia, 2009). It is one of the most popular places in Bali (Picard, 1996). Singaraja still has some old Dutch warehouses and temple carvings (directorybali.com, 2009).
 * 36. Pura Besaki Temples = ** better known as “The Mother Temple,” Pura Besakih is considered on of the most impressive temples in Bali, not to mention the largest and the oldest, too. It is made of 3 temple compounds, //The Pura Penataran Agung//,// The Pura Kiduling Kreteg//, and// The Pura Batog Medog//, each one dedicated to Shiva, Brahma, and Vishnu respectively (JIS, 2000). The Besakih Temple is Bali’s symbol of religious unity, and it is the only temple serving all Balinese people. Inside the three temples there are more than 200 structures and 22 smaller temples, and is the essence of all 20,000 of Bali’s temples (Davison & Bruce, 2000). The Besakih Temple is located on ridges running down the mountain of Gunung Agung, and was built during the 14th century (Davison & Bruce, 2000). A lot of traditional ceremonies were held there, one of them The// Eka Desa Rudra,// where “harmony and balance in man and nature are restored” (JIS 2000). According to legend, the last ceremony was held in 1963, when a nearby volcano, Gunung Agung, erupted violently to show “God’s anger” to the inappropriateness of the ceremony (JIS, 2000). The lava flowed miles across its surroundings, but for some reason, missed the Besakih temples by centimeters. This proved that the temple was the “Mother of all Temples” (JIS, 2000).
 * __ Sources __**** : **

__ Sources __ : Daly, Kate, and James Lyon. __Lonely Planet Bali, Ninth Edition__. Minneapolis: Lonely Planet Publications, 2003. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #262a2c; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Gulim; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-font-family: Gulim;">"Tanah Lot." __Bali, Indonesia: Bali Hotels, Tours, Discount and More__. 15 Apr. 2009 []. "Tanah Lot." __Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia__. 13 Apr. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah_Lot>. **38. Gunung Kawi** = Gunung Kawi is the famous 11th century temple complex which is located in Tampaksiring, north east of the village called Ubud in Bali, Indonesia (Wikipedia, 2009). Its name has two meanings, “Carving in the mount” and “Mountain of the Poets” (Davison & Granquist, 2000). The temple was built for Anak Wungsu of the Udayana dynasty and his favorite queens (Wikipedia, 2009). Gunung Kawi comprises 10 rock-cut candi (shrines) carved into the cliff face (asiarooms.com, 2009). It also has stepped pyramid roofs but no internal spaces (Davison and Granquist, 2000). This tomb of Anak Wungsu was craved by skilled rock cravers and has many commemorative statues craved and located in it (Davison & Granquist, 2000). __ Sources __ : Davison, Julian, and Bruce Granquist. __Balinese Temples (Discover Indonesia Series)__. Minneapolis: Periplus Editions, 2000. "Gunung Kawi." __Tui travel PLC__. 16 Apr. 2009 <http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/indonesia/indonesia-tourist-attractions/gunung-kawi.html>. "Gunung Kawi -." __Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia__. 16 Apr. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Kawi>. __ Sources __ : "Mount Agung -." __Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia__. 9 Apr. 2009. 13 Apr. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Agung>. R.Ian Lloyd, R. Ian. __Bali the ultimate island__. 1987. __ Sources __ : Daly, Kate, and James Lyon. __Lonely Planet Bali, Ninth Edition.__ Minneapolis: Lonely Planet Publications, 2003. "History of Mountain Batur." Weblog post. __AthenavillaBali.com__. Ed. Mukkamu. 7 May 2008. 16 Apr. 2009 <http://www.blog.athenavillabali.com/history-of-mount-batur/>. Gunung Batur." __Wikipedia__. 2 Mar. 2009. 16 Apr. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Batur>. Lueras, Leonard. __Bali High: Paradise from the Air__. Singapore. Times editions. First published in 1990.  Volcanic Eruptions of Mount Batur." __Bali Blog__. 2008. Why Go Bali. 15 Apr. 2009 [].
 * 37. Tanah Lot ** = <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Tanah Lot is a sea temple that is one of the most famous and vital rock formation temples of Bali, its name meaning “Land in the middle of the sea” in Balinese (Wikipedia, 2009). It is located at the village Beraban, in the Tabanan Regency on West Bali’s coast (Indo.com, 2009). It is known to be the 15th century’s priest Nirartha’s work (Wikipedia, 2009). Although the temple itself doesn’t allow visitors in, the area around it attracts many tourists to walk all the way up for a beautiful coast view, especially for the sight of sunset ( Daly & Lyon, 2003).  <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-language: KO;">It is believed that the poisonous snakes living around are the ‘guardians’ of this temple (Indo.com, 2009).
 * 39. Mount Agung ** = a stratovolcano (meaning a conical volcano with many layers such as hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash) on the Island of Bali, it is the highest point and the holiest mountain in the whole island (Wikipedia 2009). This volcano is 3142 meters (10,308 ft) tall (Wikipedia 2009). This volcano is still active and last erupted in 1963 and killed approximately 1,500 people (Wikipedia, 2009). This Volcano is home to the most sacred temple Besakih. The central point of the universe the throne and resting place of Bali’s supreme god, Ida Sanghyang Widi Wasa, is at Agung (Lloyd, 1987). Balinese life is oriented towards Gunung Agung (Lloyd, 1987).
 * 40. Gunung Batur ** = Mountain Batur is the second highest mountain in Bali, Indonesia, and the size and length of the mountain is 1,717 meters and 5,633feet (Wikipedia, 2007). The first eruption of Batur was in 1804, and it has been frequently active since then (Wikipedia, 2007). The Batur volcano is a volcanic caldera which a type of volcano that is formed by a collapses of land (Wikipedia, 2007). In one of the eruptions, 65,000 homes were destroyed along with 2,500 temples (Lueras, 1990 ). The village of Batur used to be down in the crater (athenavillabali.com, 2009). Batur has had over 20 eruptions (Bali Blog, 2008). These eruptions had mild to moderate explosions (Baliblog.com, 2008). The biggest eruption in 1917 killed 1,000 locals and it destroyed over 60,000 homes but amazingly went around the Batur temple, the Balinese thought this was a symbol of power by the gods because they spared the place where they are worshipped (Daly & Lyon, 2003).